El consumo semicrónico moderado de alcohol altera la foliculogénesis y la calidad núcleo-citoplasmática oocitaria, en el ratón / Moderate semi-chronic alcohol consumption alters folliculogenesis and oocyte nuclear-cytoplasmic quality in mice

Resumen El consumo crónico de alcohol es un problema de salud mundial que afecta particularmente a la población femenina. Sin embargo, los efectos de la ingesta semicrónica en cantidades moderadas a bajas en el ovario y el oocito son poco conocidos. En un modelo murino, se administró etanol al 10% en agua de bebida (hembras tratadas) o agua (hembras control) por 15 días, y luego de la superovulación o no (ovulación espontánea), se analizó el ciclo estral y la calidad ovárico-gamética. En las hembras tratadas, la frecuencia y duración del diestro aumentó, y las frecuencias de folículos y cuerpos lúteos disminuyeron vs hembras controles, valores que se restauraron luego de la superovulación. Sin embargo, en las hembras tratadas, la tasa de proliferación celular folicular y el desbalance de la expresión ovárica de VEGF (factor de crecimiento endotelial) persistieron luego de la superovulación. El número de ovocitos ovulados con metafase II anormal, fragmentados y activados partenogenéticamente fue mayor en las hembras tratadas respecto las controles. En conclusión, el consumo semicrónico moderado de alcohol produce anestro, ciclo estral irregular, foliculogénesis deficiente y anomalías núcleo-citoplasmáticas en los oocitos ovulados. Estas alteraciones podrían constituirse en un factor etiológico de pérdida gestacional temprana y desarrollo embrionario anormal luego del consumo de alcohol.

Abstract Chronic alcohol consumption is a global health problem that particularly affects the female population. However, the ef-fects of semi-chronic ethanol intake in low-moderate amounts on the ovary and oocyte are poorly understood. In a mouse model, 10% ethanol was administered in drinking water (treated females) or water (control females) for 15 days, and after superovulation or not (spontaneous ovulation), the estrous cycle and ovarian-gametic quality were analyzed. In treated females, the frequency and duration of the diestrus increased, and the frequencies of follicles and corpus luteum decreased vs control females, values that restored after superovulation. However, in treated females, the follicular cell proliferation rate and the imbalance in ovarian expression of VEGF (endothelial growth factor) persisted after superovulation. The number of ovulated oocytes with abnormal metaphase II, fragmented and parthenogenetically activated was higher in treated females than in control ones. In conclusion, moderate semi-chronic alcohol consumption produces anestrum, irregular estrous cycle, poor folliculogenesis, and nuclear-cytoplasmic abnormalities in ovulated oocytes. These alterations could constitute an etiological factor of early gestational loss and abnormal embryonic development after alcohol consumption.

Protocolo para la citología vaginal directa de ratas de laboratorio / Protocol for direct vaginal cytology of laboratory rats

Introducción: La citología vaginal directa es un método muy utilizado para la evaluación del ciclo estral de las ratas de laboratorio, pero la información acerca de los procedimientos e interpretación de los resultados aparece disgregada en la literatura, lo cual dificulta su empleo en los estudios de reproducción. Objetivo: Proponer un protocolo para la realización de la citología vaginal directa de ratas de laboratorio y la interpretación de los resultados. Material y métodos: Se combinó la información de la literatura y la experiencia de 10 años de estudios de reproducción, en los que se han empleado un total de 250 ratas Wistar hembras, siguiendo preceptos éticos establecidos. Se describen los procedimientos para la obtención de las muestras, mediante lavado vaginal, así como para su observación y análisis en estado húmedo, con microscopio óptico y cámara digital acoplada. Resultados: Se describen los tipos celulares principales presentes en el lavado vaginal y las características que permiten identificar cada fase o estado de transición del ciclo estral. Se discuten aspectos a considerar en la interpretación de los resultados, que incluye la relación con los cambios hormonales, los cuidados en la obtención de la muestra y la influencia de factores ambientales. Se muestran imágenes y figuras representativas para ilustrar el texto. Conclusiones: El trabajo constituye un protocolo para el estudio del ciclo estral de ratas de laboratorio, mediante la citología vaginal directa. Provee métodos no invasivos, sencillos y económicos, así como conocimientos esenciales para la interpretación de los resultados, que integran una guía de gran utilidad para los estudios experimentales de reproducción(AU)

Introduction: Direct vaginal cytology is a widely used method for the evaluation of the estrous cycle of laboratory rats, but the information about the procedures and interpretation of results is dispersed through literature, making its use difficult in investigations on reproduction. Objective: To propose a protocol for performing direct vaginal cytology of laboratory rats as well as for the interpretation of the results. Material and methods: The information obtained from literature and the experience of 10 years of investigation on reproduction in 250 female Wistar rats were combined following the established ethical principles. The procedures for obtaining samples by vaginal washing and by observation and analysis in humid state with light microscope equipped with digital camera were described. Results: The main types of cells present in the vaginal washing and the characteristics that allow us to identify each phase or transitional phases of the estrus cycle are described. Aspects to take into consideration in the interpretation of the results, which include the association between hormonal changes, the cares in the obtaining of the sample and the influence of environmental factors, are discussed. Representative images and figures are included to illustrate the text. Conclusions: The work consists of a study protocol of the estrus cycle of laboratory rats by direct vaginal cytology. It provides noninvasive, simple and cost-reducing procedures as well as essential knowledge for the interpretation of results which integrate a very useful guideline for experimental investigations on reproduction(AU)

Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii do not suppress ovarian cyclicity and pregnancy in cattle: case report / [Metaplasia escamosa da rete ovarii não interrompe a ciclicidade ovariana e a gestação em bovinos: relato de caso]

Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii is an ovarian pathologic change characterized by replacement of the normal single layered cuboidal epithelium of the rete ovarii by a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Uterus and ovaries from a local slaughterhouse pregnant crossbreed cow were evaluated through ultrasound, macroscopically and histologically. Grossly, there were multiple cysts in both ovaries, which were histologically characterized as rete ovarii cysts with squamous metaplasia and intraluminal accumulation of keratinized material. Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii has been previously reported in cows, however this is the first report of this condition in a pregnant animal, demonstrating that this ovarian change is compatible with pregnancy.(AU)

A metaplasia escamosa da rete ovarii é uma patologia ovariana caracterizada pela substituição do epitélio simples cuboidal normal da rete ovarii por um epitélio estratificado escamoso queratinizado. Útero e ovários de uma vaca mestiça gestante, proveniente de abatedouro, foram avaliados por ultrassonografia, macroscopia e histologia. Verificaram-se vários cistos em ambos os ovários, histologicamente caracterizados como cistos de rete ovarii com metaplasia escamosa, com acúmulo intraluminal de material queratinizado. Metaplasia escamosa da rete ovarii foi relatada anteriormente em vacas, porém este é o primeiro relato em que essa alteração ovariana é compatível com manutenção da ciclicidde ovariana e gestação na vaca.(AU)

Grado de desarrollo del folículo preovulatorio y su relación con el tamaño del cuerpo lúteo y la producción de progesterona en las razas Romosinuano (RS) y Brahman (Br) / Degree of development of the preovulatory follicle and its relationship with corpus luteum size and progesterone production in the Romosinuano (RS) and Brahman (Br) breeds

RESUMEN Para comparar en los folículos preovulatorios de hembras bovinas de las razas Brahman (Br) y Romosinuano (RS) el desarrollo de los diferentes componentes foliculares, como el tamaño del antro folicular, el grosor y el volumen ocupado por la capa de células de la granulosa (CG) y de la teca interna (TI), y su posible relación con el desarrollo del cuerpo lúteo (CL) y la producción de progesterona P4, se utilizaron 5 hembras de la raza RS y 5 de la raza Br. A estas se les realizó seguimiento ecográfico durante 2 ciclos estrales y se les efectuó muestreo de suero sanguíneo para determinar por Elisa los niveles de P4. En el tercer estro se les extirpó el ovario que contenía el folículo preovulatorio y se realizó un corte diametral sobre el estigma del folículo para seccionarlo en 2 partes iguales. En una de las partes se hicieron cortes histológicos y se determinó la morfometría folicular. La duración del ciclo estral en las hembras de la raza Br osciló entre 18 y 21 días, con promedio de 19,9 ± 1,6 días, y en las vacas RS entre 18 y 24 días, con un promedio 21,2 ± 1,69 días. La duración del estro fue de 13,9 ± 6,98 y 9,60 ± 4,72 h para las razas RS y Br, respectivamente. El intervalo estro-ovulación fue de 21,20 ± 5,07 h para los animales de la raza Br y de 24,40 ± 6,43 para los RS. No se registraron diferencias entre razas ni en el grosor (RS: 55,12 ± 6,46 μm vs. Br: 49,48 ± 17,07 μm), p > 0,05, tampoco en el volumen ocupado por la capa de CG (RS: 27,93 ± 6,11 mm1 vs. Br: 25,40 ± 13,85 mm3) de los folículos preovulatorios p < 0,05, en el grosor (RS: 122,50 ± 20,53 μm vs. Br: 129,61 ± 84,85 μm) o en el volumen (RS: 64,97 ± 19,71 mm1 vs. Br: 59,83 ± 25,67 mm3) de las células de la TI. El máximo desarrollo de los CL para la totalidad de las hembras se alcanzó el día 12,6 ± 4,05 (día 0 = estro), con un diámetro promedio de 22,92 ± 3,60 mm. Para las de la raza RS el diámetro máximo fue 23,06 ± 3,9 mm y se observó en promedio el día 14,88 ± 3,4. Para las de la raza Br fue el día 10,00 ± 3,16 con un promedio de 22,75 ± 3,16 mm. En ese día, la concentración media de P4 fue de 5,37 ± 1,38 ng/ml para la raza RS y 5,74 ± 0,89 ng/ml para la raza Br. No se presentaron diferencias significativas entre razas (p > 0,05). Se concluyó que no existen diferencias en los eventos fisiológicos estudiados entre las razas RS y Br. Los hallazgos del presente estudio, sin duda, pueden servir de base para futuros análisis en los bovinos residentes en el trópico.

ABSTRACT To compare in the preovulatory follicles of bovine females of the Brahman (Br) and Romosinuano (RS) breeds the development of the different follicular components, such as the size of the follicular antrum, the thickness and volume occupied by the granulosa (CG) and theca interna cells (TI) layers and their possible relationships with the development of the corpus luteum (CL) and progesterone (P4) production, 5 RS and 5 Br females were used; ultrasound follow-up was performed during 2 estrous cycles and blood serum sampling was carried out to determine progesterone (P4) levels by Elisa, at the third estrus, the ovary containing the preovulatory follicle was removed, and a diametral cut was made on the stigma of the follicle to divide it into 2 equal parts. Histological sections were made of one of the parts and follicular morphometry was determined. Duration of the estrous cycle in Br females ranged between 18 and 21 days, with an average of 19,9 ± 1,6 days and between 18 and 24 with an average of 21,2 ± 1,69 days for RS cows. Estrus duration was 13,9 ± 6,98 and 9,60 ± 4,72 h for RS and Br breeds, respectively. The estrus-ovulation interval was 21,20 ± 5,07 h for the Br breed animals and 24,40 ± 6,43 RS. There were no differences between breeds or in thickness (RS: 55,12 ± 6,46 μm vs. Br: 49,48 ± 17,07 μm) p > 0,05, nor in the volume occupied by the granulosa cells layer (RS: 27,93 ± 6,11 mm3 vs. Br: 25,40 ± 13,85 mm3) of pre-ovulatory follicles; neither in the thickness (RS: 122,50 ± 20,53 vs. Br: 129,61 ± 84,85 μm) nor in the volume (RS: 64,97 ± 19,71 mm3 vs. Br: 59,83 ± 25,67 mm3) of the internal theca cells; p < 0,05. The maximum CL development for all the females was observed on day 12,6 ± 4,05 (day 0 = estrus), with an average diameter of 22,92 ± 3,60 mm. For those of the RS breed the maximum diameter was observed on average on day 14,88 ± 3,4, with 23,06 ± 3,9 mm, while for those of the Br breed it was day 10,00 ± 3,16 with an average diameter of 22,75 ± 3,16 mm; at this time the mean progesterone concentration was 5,37 ± 1,38 ng/ml for the RS breed and 5,74 ± 0,89 ng/ml for the Br breed. There were no significant differences between breeds (p-value: 0,5561). It was concluded that there are no differences in the physiological events studied between the studied breeds. Present results, undoubtedly, might serve as basis to future studies in bovines in tropical zones.

Condición corporal y reinicio de la actividad ovárica posparto en vacas Holstein en Ecuador / Corporal condition and restart of the ovarian postpartum on Holstein cows in Ecuador

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la influencia de la condición corporal al parto (CCP) en el reinicio de la actividad ovárica (RAO) posparto de la vaca Holstein en la región andina de Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. Se trabajaron 30 vacas. Se determinaron el momento de aparición del folículo dominante (FD), de ovulación y de actividad luteal; la duración del ciclo estral, el volumen del cuerpo lúteo (CL) y las concentraciones de progesterona (P4) en suero sanguíneo. Los estadígrafos descriptivos de las variables del RAO y sus indicadores se compararon según la CCP mediante una prueba de t-Student para muestras independientes. Se evaluó la asociación entre la CCP y el RAO posparto mediante un estudio caso control. Resultados. La duración del ciclo estral fue 23.10 días, el 46.67% de las vacas tuvo ciclos normales y el 53.33% ciclos anormales. El FD, la ovulación y la actividad luteal ocurrieron a los 16.63, 27.76 y 41.38 días posparto, respectivamente; antes (p<0.05) en vacas con CCP ≥ 3.5; en las que fueron mayores (p<0.05) el volumen del CL y las concentraciones de P4. La CCP se correlacionó (p<0.05) con los parámetros del RAO. Las vacas con CCP <3.5 puntos, tienen 10.50 veces más probabilidades de tener RAO tardío que las que tienen CCP ≥ de 3.5 puntos. Conclusiones. El RAO fue temprano, sobre el influyó la CCP, la que constituyó un factor de riesgo (p<0.05) para que las vacas tengan un RAO tardío.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the influence of corporal composition at delivery (CCD) on the ovarian postpartum restart (OPR) of the Holstein cow in the Andes Region in Ecuador. Materials and methods. 30 cows were produced. All of the following moments were determined: the appearing of the dominant follicle (DF), the ovulation and luteal activity; the duration of the estrous cycle, the volume of the luteum body (LC) and the progesterone concentrations (P4) on blood serum. Descriptive statisticians of the OPR variables and its indicators were compared according to the BC, by means of a t-Student test for independent samples. The relationship between the BC and the postpartum OPR through a case-control case was assessed. Results. The duration of the oestrous cycle was 23.10 days, 46.67% of the cows had regular cycles and 53.33% were abnormal cycles. The DF, the ovulation and the luteal activity were seen at 16.63, 27.76 and 41.38 after postpartum, respectively; before (p<0.05) on cows with BC ≥ 3.5; in which both the (p<0.05) and the volume of the LC and P4 concentrations were higher. The BC was correlated with (p<0.05) with the OPR parameters. The cows with <3.5 BC points, are 10.50 times more prompt to have a late OPR than those with a ≥ de 3.5 points BC. Conclusions. The OPR was early, BC had an influence on it, which constituted a major (p<0.05) risk factor on cows having a late OPR.

Idade à puberdade e características reprodutivas de novilhas mestiças F1 Holandês x Gir com fenótipos divergentes para consumo alimentar residual / [Age at puberty and reproductive characteristics of F1 Holstein x Gyr crossbred heifers with divergent phenotypes for residual feed intake]

A relação da eficiência nutricional com a idade e o peso à puberdade e as características reprodutivas foram estudadas em 35 novilhas F1 Holandês x Gir, em ensaios usando o consumo alimentar residual (CAR) nos períodos pós-desaleitamento (PD) e pós-puberdade (PP). Novilhas PD (P<0,0001) e PP (P<0,001) foram ranqueadas como de alta, intermediária e baixa eficiências e apresentaram CAR de -0,259 -0,014 e 0,346kg/dia e -0,848 -0,096 e 0,842kg/dia, respectivamente. Novilhas PD diferiram (P<0,05) na idade à puberdade entre ranques de alta, intermediária e baixa eficiências, em média, aos 339,7; 346,4; 315,3 dias, respectivamente. Os pesos à puberdade de novilhas PD com alta, intermediária e baixa eficiências foram, em média, de 321±28,1kg e não diferiram (P>0,05) entre CAR. Não foi verificada correlação entre diâmetro folicular, taxa de crescimento do folículo, número de ondas foliculares no ciclo estral e taxa de gestação à primeira IA com o CARPD ou CARPP. Novilhas F1HG selecionadas para CAR com baixa eficiência podem ter idade à puberdade 10 dias a mais, quando comparadas às novilhas de alta eficiência para CAR. Não foi verificado que novilhas selecionadas para alta ou baixa eficiências alimentares, usando CAR, tivessem algum impacto negativo sobre características reprodutivas avaliadas.(AU)

The relationship between nutritional efficiency and age and weight at puberty and reproductive traits was studied in 35 F1 Holstein x Gyr heifers, in trials using residual food consumption (CAR) in the post-weaning (PW) and post-pubertal (PP) periods. PD heifers (P<0.0001) and PP (P<0.001) were classified as high, intermediate and low efficiencies and presented CAR of -0.259 -0.014 and 0.346kg/day and -0.848 -0.096 and 0.842kg/day, respectively. PD heifers differed (P<0.05) in age at puberty between high, intermediate and low efficiencies, on average, at 339.7, 346.4 and 315.3 days, respectively. The weight at puberty of PD heifers with high, intermediate and low efficiencies were, on average, 321±28.1kg and did not differ (P>0.05) between CAR. No correlation was found between follicular diameter, follicle growth rate, number of follicular waves in the estrous cycle and pregnancy rate at 1st AI with the CARPD or CARPP. F1HG heifers selected for CAR with low efficiency can be aged at puberty 10 days longer when compared to high-efficiency heifers for CAR. These results did not show that heifers selected for high or low food efficiency, using CAR, had negative impact on the reproductive characteristics evaluated.(AU)

Ultrasound evaluation of female reproductive system in free ranging Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): case report / Avaliação ultrassonográfica do sistema reprodutor feminino em tamanduá-bandeira de vida livre (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): relato de caso

An adult, female, 31kg body weight, free range Myrmecophaga tridactyla was referred for medical consultation due to apathy, dehydration, intense flatulence and fetid stools. The animal was submitted to chemical restraint and physical examination, blood count, fecal analysis, and vaginal cytology and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Good nutritional status and clinical variables within the normal range were observed at physical examination. At vaginal cytology leukocytes, spermatozoa and a large proportion of cornified cells (superficial) were observed, indicating estrus and recent copula. At ultrasound examination it was possible to locate, identify, evaluate and measure the ovaries and the uterine structures, cervix, body, lumen, myometrium and endometrium, a fact never reported in the literature for this species. These data can be used as reference for clinical evaluation of the reproductive tract in Myrmecophaga tridactyla females considered vulnerable species, for the diagnosis of reproductive pathologies, biotechnologies application or estrous cycle evaluation.(AU)

Uma fêmea, com 31kg de peso corporal, de Myrmecophaga tridactyla, de vida livre, foi apresentada para consulta médica em razão de apatia, desidratação, flatulência intensa e fezes fétidas. O animal foi submetido à contenção química e foram realizados exame físico, hemograma, análise fecal, citologia vaginal e ultrassonografia abdominal. Ao exame físico, foi determinado bom estado nutricional e variáveis clínicas dentro da faixa de normalidade. Na citologia vaginal, foram observados leucócitos, espermatozoides e uma grande proporção de células cornificadas (superficiais), indicando estro e cópula recente. No exame ultrassonográfico, foi possível localizar, identificar, avaliar e mensurar os ovários e as estruturas uterinas, o colo do útero, o corpo do útero, o lúmen, o miométrio e o endométrio, fato nunca relatado na literatura para essa espécie. Esses dados podem ser utilizados como referência para avaliação clínica do trato reprodutivo de fêmeas de Myrmecophaga tridactyla considerada espécie vulnerável, para o diagnóstico de patologias reprodutivas, aplicação de biotecnologias ou avaliação do ciclo estral.(AU)

Relação do proteinograma sérico e as fases folicular e luteal do ciclo estral em éguas / Relation of the serum proteins and the follicular and luteal phasesof the estrous cycle in mares

O objetivo deste estudo foi obter o perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas em éguas cíclicas e verificar as diferenças entre as fases folicular e luteal do ciclo estral nesta espécie. Foram utilizadas 18 éguas, totalizando 36 amostras de soro, sendo duas de cada égua. As amostras foram colhidas no estro e no diestro. As proteínas séricas totais foram obtidas pelo método do Biureto, a partir da utilização de Kits comerciais (LABTEST®) e, as diferentes subfrações proteicas, por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). O eletroforetograma das proteínas séricas colocou em evidência a presença de 17 a 25 frações proteicas, cujos pesos moleculares variaram de 22 a 254 kDa. Identificaram-se duas proteínas ainda não nomeadas oficialmente, de massas moleculares (MM) 23 kDa e 144 kDa. Os valores médios ± SEM obtidos para cada variável no estro e no diestro, respectivamente, foram: proteínas totais (g/dL) 7,11 ± 0,07 e 7,36 ± 0,07; albumina (mg/dL) 4790,83 ± 69,10 e 5027,19 ± 69,10; α1 glicoproteína ácida (mg/dL) 4,90 ± 0,31 e 4,93 ± 0,31; ceruloplasmina (mg/dL) 15,28 ± 1,31 e 10,65 ± 1,31; haptoglobina (mg/dL) 22,70 ± 1,16 e 27,06 ± 1,16; transferrina (mg/dL) 329,00 ± 9,78 e 350,16 ± 9,78; IgA (mg/dL) 119,91 ± 6,30 e 107,03 ± 6,30; IgG (mg/dL) 1525,07 ± 40,18 e 1517,25 ± 40,18; MM 23 (mg/dL) 204,44 ± 8,61 e 219,79 ± 8,61; MM 144 (mg/dL) 22,13 ± 0,55 e 21,49 ± 0,55. Não houve diferença significativa das proteínas totais e suas frações do estro para o diestro. Conclui-se que as modificações hormonais durante as fases do ciclo estral da égua não interferem no proteinograma sérico.

This study aimed to obtain the electrophoretic profile of serum proteins in cyclic mares and to verify the differences between the follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle in this species. Eighteen mares were used, totaling 36 serum samples, two of each mare. Samples were collected both in estrus and in diestrus. Total serum proteins were obtained by the Biureto method, by using commercial kits (LABTEST®), while the different protein subfractions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The electroforetogram of serum proteins evidenced the presence of 17 to 25 protein fractions, whose molecular weights ranged from 22 to 254 kDa. Two proteins that were not yet officially named were identified, of molecular weights (MW) of 23 kDa and 144 kDa. The mean values (± SEM) obtained for each variable in estrus and diestrus were, respectively: total proteins (g/dL) 7.11 ± 0.07 and 7.36 ± 0.07; albumin (mg/dL) 4790.83 ± 69.10 and 5027.19 ± 69.10; α1 acid glycoprotein (mg/dL) 4.90 ± 0.31 and 4.93 ± 0.31; ceruloplasmine (mg/dL) 15.28 ± 1.31 and 10.65 ± 1.31; haptoglobine (mg/dL) 22.70 ± 1.16 and 27.06 ± 1.16; transferrin (mg/ dL) 329.00 ± 9.78 and 350.16 ± 9.78; IgA (mg/dL) 119.91 ± 6.30 and 107.03 ± 6.30; IgG (mg/dL) 1525.07 ± 40.18 and 1517.25 ± 40.18; MW 23 (mg/dL) 204.44 ± 8.61 and 219.79 ± 8.61; MW 144 (mg/dL) 22.13 ± 0.55 and 21.49 ± 0.55. No significant difference was verified in total proteins and its fractions in estrus and diestrus. The hormonal changes during the specific stages of the estrous cycle of the mare do not interfere with the serum proteinogram.

Efeito da técnica de coleta e do estágio do ciclo estral na recuperação de oócitos de boa qualidade em felinos e caninos domésticos / The effect of recovery technique and stage of estrous cycle on the recoveryof good quality oocytes in domestic felines and canines

A obtenção de oócitos de boa qualidade é essencial para o sucesso de diversas biotécnicas reprodutivas. Objetivou-se determinar o efeito de duas técnicas na recuperação de oócitos de boa qualidade em gatas e cadelas em diferentes estágios reprodutivos. Foram utilizados 43 pares de ovários de gata e 35 de cadela após realização da ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. A fase do ciclo estral foi classificada em inativa, folicular ou luteal. Os ovários da fase folicular foram divididos em três grupos: PUN) punção dos folículos com agulha; PUN+FAT) fatiamento do mesmo ovário já puncionado; e FAT) fatiamento do segundo ovário. Os ovários das fêmeas em fase luteal e inativa foram submetidos ao FAT. Foram obtidos no total 974 oócitos (~23/animal) nas fêmeas felinas e 940 (~27/animal) nas caninas. O fatiamento recuperou número superior (P0,05) entre as técnicas de coleta na qualidade de estruturas recuperadas. A quantidade de oócitos recuperados em cada fase foi similar (P>0,05). Contudo, a fase inativa foi superior à luteal (P<0,05) e semelhante à folicular na quantidade de oócitos de boa qualidade em gatas e não houve diferença em cadelas. Conclui-se que o fatiamento recupera maior quantidade de oócitos, não influenciando em sua qualidade. As fases inativa e folicular recuperam maior quantidade de oócitos de boa qualidade em gatas e não afetam a recuperação em cadelas. Portanto, para otimizar o uso das biotecnologias, deve-se levar em consideração o estágio do ciclo estral em fêmeas felinas e a técnica de coleta utilizada na recuperação de oócitos.

The recovery of good quality oocytes is essential for the success of various reproductive biotechniques. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two techniques on the recovery of good quality oocytes in queens and bitches at different reproductive stages. A total of 43 pairs of ovaries of queens and 35 of bitches after elective ovariosalpingohisterectomy were performed. The estrous cycle phase was classified as inactive, follicular or luteal. The ovaries of the follicular phase were allocated into three groups: PUN) puncture of the follicles with a needle; PUN + SLI) slicing of the same ovary already punctured; and SLI) slicing of the second ovary. The ovaries of luteal and inactive females were submitted to SLI. A total of 974 oocytes (~23/animal) were obtained in feline females and 940 (~27/animal) in canines females. The SLI technique recovered superior number (P0.05) between the collection techniques in the quality of recovered structures. The number of oocytes recovered in each phase was similar (P>0.05). However, the inactive phase was higher than luteal (P<0.05) and similar to the follicular phase in the quantity of good-quality oocytes in queens and there was no difference in bitches. In conclusion, it is preferable to perform the slicing technique to recover more oocytes in both species. Moreover, in queens it is possible to obtain good quality oocytes in the inactive phase and in bitches the estrous cycle phase does not influence the quality.

Efeito da técnica de coleta e do estágio do ciclo estral na recuperação de oócitos de boa qualidade em felinos e caninos domésticos / The effect of recovery technique and stage of estrous cycle on the recovery of good quality oocytes in domestic felines and canines

A obtenção de oócitos de boa qualidade é essencial para o sucesso de diversas biotécnicas reprodutivas. Objetivou-se determinar o efeito de duas técnicas na recuperação de oócitos de boa qualidade em gatas e cadelas em diferentes estágios reprodutivos. Foram utilizados 43 pares de ovários de gata e 35 de cadela após realização da ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. A fase do ciclo estral foi classificada em inativa, folicular ou luteal. Os ovários da fase folicular foram divididos em três grupos: PUN) punção dos folículos com agulha; PUN+FAT) fatiamento do mesmo ovário já puncionado; e FAT) fatiamento do segundo ovário. Os ovários das fêmeas em fase luteal e inativa foram submetidos ao FAT. Foram obtidos no total 974 oócitos (~23/animal) nas fêmeas felinas e 940 (~27/animal) nas caninas. O fatiamento recuperou número superior (P<0,05) de oócitos. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre as técnicas de coleta na qualidade de estruturas recuperadas. A quantidade de oócitos recuperados em cada fase foi similar (P>0,05). Contudo, a fase inativa foi superior à luteal (P<0,05) e semelhante à folicular na quantidade de oócitos de boa qualidade em gatas e não houve diferença em cadelas. Conclui-se que o fatiamento recupera maior quantidade de oócitos, não influenciando em sua qualidade. As fases inativa e folicular recuperam maior quantidade de oócitos de boa qualidade em gatas e não afetam a recuperação em cadelas. Portanto, para otimizar o uso das biotecnologias, deve-se levar em consideração o estágio do ciclo estral em fêmeas felinas e a técnica de coleta utilizada na recuperação de oócitos.

The recovery of good quality oocytes is essential for the success of various reproductive biotechniques. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two techniques on the recovery of good quality oocytes in queens and bitches at different reproductive stages. A total of 43 pairs of ovaries of queens and 35 of bitches after elective ovariosalpingohisterectomy were performed. The estrous cycle phase was classified as inactive, follicular or luteal. The ovaries of the follicular phase were allocated into three groups: PUN) puncture of the follicles with a needle; PUN + SLI) slicing of the same ovary already punctured; and SLI) slicing of the second ovary. The ovaries of luteal and inactive females were submitted to SLI. A total of 974 oocytes (~23/animal) were obtained in feline females and 940 (~27/animal) in canines females. The SLI technique recovered superior number (P<0.05) of oocytes. There was no difference (P>0.05) between the collection techniques in the quality of recovered structures. The number of oocytes recovered in each phase was similar (P>0.05). However, the inactive phase was higher than luteal (P<0.05) and similar to the follicular phase in the quantity of good-quality oocytes in queens and there was no difference in bitches. In conclusion, it is preferable to perform the slicing technique to recover more oocytes in both species. Moreover, in queens it is possible to obtain good quality oocytes in the inactive phase and in bitches the estrous cycle phase does not influence the quality.

Relação do proteinograma sérico e as fases folicular e luteal do ciclo estral em éguas / Relation of the serum proteins and the follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle in mares

O objetivo deste estudo foi obter o perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas em éguas cíclicas e verificar as diferenças entre as fases folicular e luteal do ciclo estral nesta espécie. Foram utilizadas 18 éguas, totalizando 36 amostras de soro, sendo duas de cada égua. As amostras foram colhidas no estro e no diestro. As proteínas séricas totais foram obtidas pelo método do Biureto, a partir da utilização de Kits comerciais (LABTEST) e, as diferentes subfrações proteicas, por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). O eletroforetograma das proteínas séricas colocou em evidência a presença de 17 a 25 frações proteicas, cujos pesos moleculares variaram de 22 a 254 kDa. Identificaram-se duas proteínas ainda não nomeadas oficialmente, de massas moleculares (MM) 23 kDa e 144 kDa. Os valores médios ± SEM obtidos para cada variável no estro e no diestro, respectivamente, foram: proteínas totais (g/dL) 7,11 ± 0,07 e 7,36 ± 0,07; albumina (mg/dL) 4790,83 ± 69,10 e 5027,19 ± 69,10; α1 glicoproteína ácida (mg/dL) 4,90 ± 0,31 e 4,93 ± 0,31; ceruloplasmina (mg/dL) 15,28 ± 1,31 e 10,65 ± 1,31; haptoglobina (mg/dL) 22,70 ± 1,16 e 27,06 ± 1,16; transferrina (mg/dL) 329,00 ± 9,78 e 350,16 ± 9,78; IgA (mg/dL) 119,91 ± 6,30 e 107,03 ± 6,30; IgG (mg/dL) 1525,07 ± 40,18 e 1517,25 ± 40,18; MM 23 (mg/dL) 204,44 ± 8,61 e 219,79 ± 8,61; MM 144 (mg/dL) 22,13 ± 0,55 e 21,49 ± 0,55. Não houve diferença significativa das proteínas totais e suas frações do estro para o diestro. Conclui-se que as modificações hormonais durante as fases do ciclo estral da égua não interferem no proteinograma sérico.

This study aimed to obtain the electrophoretic profile of serum proteins in cyclic mares and to verify the differences between the follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle in this species. Eighteen mares were used, totaling 36 serum samples, two of each mare. Samples were collected both in estrus and in diestrus. Total serum proteins were obtained by the Biureto method, by using commercial kits (LABTEST), while the different protein subfractions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The electroforetogram of serum proteins evidenced the presence of 17 to 25 protein fractions, whose molecular weights ranged from 22 to 254 kDa. Two proteins that were not yet officially named were identified, of molecular weights (MW) of 23 kDa and 144 kDa. The mean values (± SEM) obtained for each variable in estrus and diestrus were, respectively: total proteins (g/dL) 7.11 ± 0.07 and 7.36 ± 0.07; albumin (mg/dL) 4790.83 ± 69.10 and 5027.19 ± 69.10; α1 acid glycoprotein (mg/dL) 4.90 ± 0.31 and 4.93 ± 0.31; ceruloplasmine (mg/dL) 15.28 ± 1.31 and 10.65 ± 1.31; haptoglobine (mg/dL) 22.70 ± 1.16 and 27.06 ± 1.16; transferrin (mg/dL) 329.00 ± 9.78 and 350.16 ± 9.78; IgA (mg/dL) 119.91 ± 6.30 and 107.03 ± 6.30; IgG (mg/dL) 1525.07 ± 40.18 and 1517.25 ± 40.18; MW 23 (mg/dL) 204.44 ± 8.61 and 219.79 ± 8.61; MW 144 (mg/dL) 22.13 ± 0.55 and 21.49 ± 0.55. No significant difference was verified in total proteins and its fractions in estrus and diestrus. The hormonal changes during the specific stages of the estrous cycle of the mare do not interfere with the serum proteinogram.

Farmacopuntura utilizando os acupontos Hou Hai e Bai Hui em protocolos de sincronização de estro em cabras / Pharmacopuncture using acupoints Hou Hai and Bai Hui in estrous synchronization protocols in goats

Avaliou-se a eficiência da administração de subdoses de eCG nos acupontos Bai Hui e Hou Hai em protocolos de sincronização de estro em cabras. Na primeira etapa, 57 cabras foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: T1- 300UI de eCG intramuscular (IM); T2- 60UI de eCG no acuponto Hou Hai; T3- 60UI de eCG no acuponto Bai Hui e T4- 60UI de eCG IM; e na segunda etapa, 28 cabras foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos: T1- 300UI de eCG IM; T2- 30UI de eCG no acuponto Bai Hui e T3- 30UI de eCG IM. Ao final do tratamento hormonal, as cabras foram monitoradas para detecção do estro, realização das coberturas e avaliação do comportamento reprodutivo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de normalidade, seguida dos testes estatísticos adequados para cada variável. Na primeira etapa experimental, obteve-se maior duração de estro nas cabras do T1 (P=0,009). Na segunda etapa experimental, obteve-se maior número de animais em estros no T1 (P=0,03). As demais variáveis para ambas as etapas não sofreram influência dos tratamentos (P>0,05), demonstrando que a administração de subdoses de eCG nos acupontos Bai Hui e Hou Hai foi eficiente para sincronizar o estro.(AU)

The efficiency of administration of subdoses of eCG in the Bai Hui and Hou Hai acupoints in oestrus synchronization protocols in goats was evaluated. In the first stage, 57 goats were randomly assigned to four treatments: T1- 300UI of intramuscular eCG (IM); T2- 60UI of eCG in acupoint Hou Hai; T3- 60UI of eCG in the Bai Hui acupoint and T4- 60UI of eCG IM; and in the second stage, 28 goats were randomly assigned to three treatments: T1-300UI of eCG IM; T2-30UI of eCG in the Bai Hui acupoint and T3- 30UI of eCG IM. At the end of the hormonal treatment the goats were monitored for estrus detection, and evaluation of reproductive behavior. The data were submitted to normality analysis, followed by appropriate statistical tests for each variable. In the first experimental stage, a longer duration of estrus in the T1 goats (P= 0.009) was obtained. In the second experimental stage, a greater number of animals were obtained in estrus at T1 (P= 0.03). The other variables for both experiments were not influenced by the treatments (P> 0.05), demonstrating that administration of eCG subdoses in the Bai Hui and Hou Hai acupoints was efficient to synchronize the estrus.(AU)

Reproductive disorders in does experimentally infected by Toxoplasma gondii / Distúrbios reprodutivos em cabras experimentalmente infectadas por Toxoplasma gondii

The aim of this study was to describe the reproductive disorders related to experimental infection by artificial insemination with semen contaminated with Toxoplasma gondii of four goats in the chronic phase of the infection. In the end of the study, the does were submitted to necropsy, and PCR and histopathological evaluations were performed. Among infected does that exhibited embryonic loss, two were in anestrus and two exhibited repeated estrus. One of the latter animals exhibited clinical signs of estrus at seven-day intervals, whereas the other had a 21-day estrous cycle. However, both does were naturally mated on subsequent natural estrous and were not able to get pregnant until the end of the experiment (90 d). Two of the goats exhibited abnormalities in the ultrasound examinations, one of which was an ovarian cyst, while the other was a hydrosalpinx, both of which were confirmed in the post-mortem examination. The main microscopic injuries in this group were neutrophilic infiltration of the lungs, interstitial glomerulonephritis and neutrophilic infiltration of the liver. T. gondii DNA was found in the organs (heart and brain) of three does. In conclusion, does infected with Toxoplasma gondii in semen at the time of artificial insemination display reproductive disorders in the chronic phase of infection that might be associated with toxoplasmosis.

Objetivou-se descrever os distúrbios reprodutivos associados à infecção experimental por Toxoplasma gondii através da inseminação artificial com sêmen contaminado em quatro cabras no estágio crônico da infecção. As características do trato reprodutor foram avaliadas através de ultrassonografia transretal, visando o diagnóstico gestacional ou de desordens reprodutivas, após a infecção experimental. Ao final do experimento, os animais foram necropsiados e avaliações histopatológicas e PCR foram realizados. Dentre os animais infectados que exibiram mortalidade embrionária, duas apresentaram anestro e duas apresentaram repetição de estro, sendo que destas uma apresentou intervalos entre estros reduzido (sete dias) e outra em intervalo regular (21 dias). Todavia, ambas foram submetidas a monta natural durante os estros naturais subsequentese não foi confirmada gestação até o final do experimento (90 dias). Duas cabras exibiram alterações nos exames de ultrassonografia, sendo identificadas um cisto ovariano, e uma hidrossalpinge, ambas confirmadas no exame post-mortem. As principais lesões microscópicas nesse grupo foram infiltração neutrofílica dos pulmões, glomerulonefrite intersticial e infiltração neutrofílica do fígado. O DNA de T. gondii foi encontrado nos órgãos (coração e cérebro) de três cabras. Em conclusão, cabras infectadas comsêmen contendoT. gondii no momento da inseminação artificial apresentam distúrbios reprodutivos na fase crônica da infecção que podem estar associados à toxoplasmose.

Regulation of estrous cycle by Cynodon dactylon in letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in Wistars albino rats / 대한해부학회지

Valiação do efeito do extrato de Tribulus Terrestris l. Na ocorrência do ciclo estral de camundongos suíços fêmeas ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas / Evaluation of the extract effect of Tribulus terrestris L. on the occurrence of the estral cycle of ovariectomized and not ovariectomized female swiss mice

Introdução: a infertilidade ou incapacidade de gerar filhos é um problema que acomete parte da população. Seu tratamento geralmente é feito pela reposição hormonal, no entanto, terapias alternativas com o uso de plantas medicinais vêm sendo adotadas. Objetivo: diante do exposto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do extrato do Tribulus terrestris L. na ocorrência do ciclo estral em camundongos fêmea ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas. Métodos: foram utilizados 28 camundongos suíços fêmeas e adultas, divididas em quatro grupos de 7 animais: grupo sem ovariectomia e sem suplementação ou controle, grupo com ovariectomia e sem suplementação, simulando a infertilidade, grupo tratado com Tribulus terrestris (10mg/kg) com ovariectomia e grupo tratado com Tribulus terrestris L. (10mg/kg) sem ovariectomia. Os extratos foram administrados por gavagem durante 21 dias. O ciclo estral foi analisado ao longo deste mesmo período. Resultados: notou-se aumento significativo na fase proestro do ciclo estral no grupo ovariectomizado e suplementado quando comparado ao grupo ovariectomizado e sem suplementação. Conclusão: o aumento significativo na ocorrência do proestro corresponde a um período do ciclo estral relacionado à ocorrência da ovulação.

Introduction: infertility or inability to generate children is a problem that affects part of the population. Its treatment is usually done by hormone replacement, however, alternative therapies with the use of medicinal plants have been adopted. Objective: in view of the above, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Tribulus terrestris L. extract on the occurrence of the estrous cycle in ovariectomized and non ovariectomized mice. Methods: twentyeight female and adult Swiss mice were divided into four groups of 7 animals: group without ovariectomy and without supplementation or control, group with ovariectomy and no supplementation simulating infertility, group treated with Tribulus terrestris L. (10mg / kg) with ovariectomy and group treated with Tribulus terrestris L. (10mg / kg) without ovariectomy. The extracts were administered by way of gavage for 21 days. The estrous cycle was analyzed over this same time. Results: there was a significant increase in the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle in the ovariectomized group and supplemented when compared to the ovariectomized group and without supplementation. Conclusion: the significant increase in the occurrence of proestrus corresponds to a period of the estrous cycle related to the occurrence of ovulation.

Comparative study of metachromatic staining methods in assessing the exfoliative cell types during oestrous cycle in Sprague-Dawley laboratory rats / Estudio comparativo de los métodos de tinción metacromática en la evaluación de los tipos de células exfoliativas durante el ciclo estral en ratas Sprague-Dawley de laboratorio

This study was aimed at comparing the commonly used metachromatic stains viz., Papanicolaou stain, WrightGiemsa, Toluidine blue and Methylene blue in the assessment of cell types of the oestrous cycle in rats. Eight female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8-9 weeks were used for this assessment. Cotton Swabs were gently inserted in the animals vagina to obtain cells from which they were then transferred to glass slides for staining and evaluation under microscopy. The different cell types were compared for their morphological features and clarity of cellular detail under all four stains. The application, advantages and limitations of all stains were then discussed. It was concluded that the selection of the most effective stain in the assessment of vaginal cytology depends on their application to clinical or research which was based on the cellular detail of interest, time, cost and availability of each staining procedure.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar las tinciones metacromáticas comúnmente utilizadas, Wright's-Giemsa, azul de toluidina, azul de metileno y tinción de Papanicolaou, en la evaluación de los tipos de células del ciclo estral en ratas. El estudio se realizó en ocho ratas hembras SpragueDawley, con edades entre 8 y 9 semanas, y se usaron hisopos vaginales de algodón para preparar portaobjetos. Los diferentes tipos de células se compararon por sus características morfológicas y claridad en las cuatro tinciones. La aplicación, ventajas y limitaciones de todas las tinciones fueron discutidas. Se concluye que la selección de la tinción más efectiva en la evaluación de la citología vaginal depende de su uso, es decir, clínico o de investigación, el detalle celular de interés, tiempo, costo y disponibilidad.

Follicular and luteal morphometry, progesterone concentration and early gestation in Holstein cows (Bos Taurus) at high altitude in the tropics (Colombia) / Morfometría folicular y luteal, concentración de progesterona y éxito de la gestación en vacas Holstein (Bos Taurus) en el trópico alto (Colombia)

Abstract Objectives. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship among ovulatory follicle (OF) size, corpus luteum (CL) volume, and progesterone (P4) serum levels with pregnancy success. Materials and methods. Nineteen Holstein cows located in Bogotá, Colombia with a history of 2 to 6 previous calving were used in the study. Following 40 day postpartum, two consecutive phases were evaluated as follows: 1) estrous cycle; 2) early pregnancy or return to estrus after Artificial Insemination (AI). Ultrasound exam was performed twice daily after first sign of estrus to evaluate OF diameter and CL volume, and serum P4 levels were evaluated on days 6, 9, 12 and 15 after ovulation. Cows were inseminated 12 hours post estrus signs and pregnancy was diagnosed 30 days post AI. Results. 47.36% of the cows were diagnosed as pregnant after AI. Pregnant cows had smaller OF diameters (17.85±2.39 mm) than non-pregnant females (21.10±2.86 mm) (p<0.05). Cows with smaller OF were more likely to become pregnant (OR=0.624, IC=95% (0.4-0.9) (p<0.05). There were non significant differences in the CL volume (p=0.10) and P4 serum values (p=0.39) between pregnant and no pregnant cows on days 6, 9, 12 and 15 post ovulation. Serum P4 levels were not correlated to CL size and reproductive status. Conclusions. This study shows that there was not significant difference in serum P4 levels and the CL volume when comparing pregnant with non-pregnant cows. A relationship was found between the OF diameter and the CL volume. Small OF diameter was a factor associated with early pregnancy.

Resumen Objetivo. Evaluar la relación entre el diámetro del folículo ovulatorio (FO), el volumen del cuerpo lúteo (CL), los niveles séricos de progesterona (P4) con el éxito de la gestación. Materiales y métodos. En 19 vacas Holstein que habían tenido 2 a 6 partos ubicadas en Bogotá, se evaluaron dos fases consecutivas a partir del día 40 postparto, la primera correspondió al ciclo estral y la segunda correspondió a la gestación temprana o repetición de celo. En cada fase se detectó el celo, se realizó ultrasonografía para evaluar el diámetro del FO, confirmar ovulación, y el volumen del CL los días 6, 9, 12 y 15; en estos días también se evaluó los niveles séricos de P4. En la segunda fase se realizó inseminación artificial (IA) y se diagnosticó la gestación 30 días post-IA. Resultados. El 47.36% de las vacas se diagnosticaron como gestantes y el 52.63% como no gestantes. Las gestantes presentaron diámetros de FO menores 17.85±2.39 mm al de las no gestantes (21.10±2.86 mm; p<0.05). Las vacas que presentaron diámetros de FO más pequeños tuvieron mayor posibilidad de quedar gestantes (OR=0.624, IC=95% (0.4-0.9) (p<0.05). Los animales gestantes y no gestantes presentaron similares volúmenes de CL (p=0.10) y niveles séricos de P4 (p=0.39) los días 6, 9, 12 y 15. Conclusiones. No hubo diferencias en los niveles séricos de p4 y el volúmen del CL. Vacas con FO de menor diámetro tuvieron mayor probabilidad de gestación. Otras variables como CL y niveles de P4 no fueron predictivos del éxito de la gestación.

Ovary and vaginal epithelium dynamics during the estrous cycle in Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831: ultrasound and cytological examinations

The objective of the present study was to monitor and characterize morphological alterations in ovaries of agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha), reared in captivity, by using abdominal ultrasonography. All animals underwent daily vaginal cytological examination to identify the current cycle phase. For each phase of the estrous cycle, ultrasound examinations were carried out to identify and describe the morphology of both ovaries. Topographic parameters in an ultrasound window were established to locate the ovaries. The agouti estrous cycle lasted an average of 29.94 ± 6.77 days. During vaginal cytology examinations, all cell types were identified, and each phase of the estrous cycle was established by cell counts. No significant alterations were observed in the assessed ovarian morphometry measurements. In 75% of the animals examined, ovarian follicle presence was observed in the proestrus phase.

Agonistic activity of tamoxifen, a selective estrogen-receptor modulator (SERM), on arthritic ovariectomized mice

Arthritis is positively associated with the decline of sex hormones, especially estrogen. Tamoxifen (TMX) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, possessing agonist or antagonistic activity in different tissues. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of TMX on the zymosan-induced arthritis model. Female Swiss normal and ovariectomized (OVX) mice were divided into groups and treated for five days with TMX (0.3, 0.9 or 2.7 mg/kg) or 17-β-estradiol (E2, 50 µg/kg). On the fifth day, arthritis was induced and 4 h later, leukocyte migration into joint cavities was evaluated. The neutrophil migration in OVX animals, but not in normal mice, treated with TMX (all tested doses) was significantly decreased compared with mice that received the vehicle (P≤0.05). Similarly, this effect was also demonstrated in the E2-treated group. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that TMX presented agonist effects in inhibiting neutrophil migration and preventing arthritis progression in OVX mice.

High Estradiol Differentially Affects the Expression of the Glucose Transporter Type 4 in Pelvic Floor Muscles of Rats / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: To characterize the relationship between serum estradiol levels and the expression of glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) in the pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus muscles in female rats. METHODS: The muscles were excised from virgin rats during the metestrus and proestrus stages of the estrous cycle, and from sham and ovariectomized rats implanted with empty or estradiol benzoate–filled capsules. The expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) was inspected in the muscles at metestrus and proestrus. Relative Glut4 expression, glycogen content, and serum glucose levels were measured. Appropriate statistical tests were done to identify significant differences (P≤0.05). RESULTS: The pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus muscles expressed ERα and ERβ. Glut4 expression and glycogen content in the pubococcygeus muscle were higher at proestrus than at metestrus. No significant changes were observed in the iliococcygeus muscle. In ovariectomized rats, the administration of estradiol benzoate increased Glut4 expression and glycogen content in the pubococcygeus muscle alone. CONCLUSIONS: High serum estradiol levels increased Glut4 expression and glycogen content in the pubococcygeus muscle, but not in the iliococcygeus muscle.